Cannabis Use in Young People

Cannabis Use in Young People INTRODUCTION Cannabis, also known as Marijuana or weed is a commonly used illegal substance in the United Kingdom (UK) today even among persons under the age of 18 research shows (Rcpsych.ac.uk, 2017) Presently, young people in the UK are likely to smoke cannabis as cigarettes which impacts negatively on their mental health and the community at large. Peer pressure to use drugs especially cannabis is high among young persons and its continuous use increases the risk or probability of them experiencing mental health symptoms and disorders. (Dearden, 2017). Hence the need to educate young persons about the detrimental impact cannabis and other illicit drugs can have on their health. The target audience for the leaflet designed as part of this assignment is adolescents (young persons aged 12 18). RATIONALE Young persons use of cannabis or weed is on the ascendancy even though it is a harmful illegal substance. This group of people have no true knowledge of what it contains as they buy them from drug dealers and those addicted to it risk getting physical health and emotional wellbeing issues such as poor concentration, slow reaction times, panic attacks, mood swings and isolating themselves from friends and family (JOHNS, 2001). There is the need to create awareness about the dangers of cannabis to adolescents in the UK and how it affects their mental health to reduce the risks it may pose to their health and wellbeing and to deter them from using it.   About 60,000 people suffer from mental health problems which are caused by weed in the UK (The Sun, 2016). This causes more admissions to mental health facilities, causes more distress and has negative cost implications on health services (The Sun, 2016) thus making it a significant public health issues that needs to be addressed. The more people especially adolescents who use cannabis realize the need for them to quit, the better it will be for the society as a whole; there will be a reduction in drug related crime and accidents, poor human relations associated with its use will be reduced, and a healthier and happier life for all. PREVALENCE OF CANNABIS USE AMONG ADOLESCENTS Adolescents in the UK are more likely to have tried cannabis or are regular users of cannabis. Almost 40% of adolescents revealed they had tried cannabis and other illicit substances, the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) revealed. (EPHA, 2017) Another survey, by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, revealed that among15 year olds in the UK, two in five have used cannabis. These statistics could mean that parents or adults in the UK are setting a bad example for their children in relation to cannabis use because young persons are likely to emulate the behavior of the adults they live with. It could also mean that some adolescents do not have the willpower to say no to cannabis and other illicit substances or try it out of curiosity and end up becoming addicted in the end. The use of cannabis occasionally leads to an increase in social adjustment and skills in young persons. However, regular or heavy use of cannabis at an early age is associated with numerous negative outcomes such as poor physical and mental health, having unprotected sex, and dropping out of school. 20,032 adolescents were treated for drug (including cannabis 68%) related health problems during 2012 2013. This proves that cannabis is the most frequently used illegal substance, with 15.8% having used it in the last year (around 975,000 young persons). (DrugWise, 2017) Despite these health problems posed by cannabis use, herbal cannabis seems to pose less harm as compared to other illicit substances but long term use of strong cannabis (skunk) could lead to later developing mental health problems like schizophrenia. GOVERNMENT POLICIES TO DISCOURAGE THE USE OF CANNABIS AND OTHER DRUGS 2010   policy: drug misuse and dependency This paper comes up with strategies for helping young persons from becoming drug misusers. It places importance on encouraging adolescents to live healthy lives and making them know the dangers of drugs misuse of which cannabis is included. It goes on to suggest drug services to adolescents early enough if they do encounter drug problems. The strategies are as follows: supporting children in the early years of their life so that we reduce the risk of them engaging in risky behaviour (like misusing cannabis) later in life. providing accurate information on drugs and alcohol through drug education. making it easier for school authorities to take action against pupils who are found dealing drugs in school. through the Business Rates Retention Scheme (which includes what was the Early Intervention Grant), giving  £2 billion to local councils, between 2014 and 2015, which they can use to create programmes to help prevent young people misusing drugs in the first place. helping young persons who have problems with drugs by giving them treatment and support, including supporting them in other areas of their life (for example with housing or mental health problems), so that they dont return to drug use as a way of coping with these problems. The 2016 drug strategy gives us an opportunity to finally address the deficits in access to mental health services, jobs and homes, which have undermined the recovery aspirations of the 2010 strategy. The strategy successfully reframed the treatment system around recovery as an organising principle. The balance between ambition and evidence established a new consensus about best practice, steering clinicians to use opiate substitution therapy (OST) to provide a gateway to recovery for everyone who could take advantage of this opportunity. It also gave a secure place to build motivation and capacity to change for those not yet able to take the next step. This enabled the treatment system to promote recovery at the same time as continuing to deliver crime reduction and public health benefits. THE TARGET GROUP The target group for this resource is: Adolescents (young people aged between 12 and 18). Male and female Living in the UK Attending school and living at home with parents or guardian. Users of cannabis or those thinking of experimenting cannabis. This group of people living in the UK are very vulnerable in our society. They lack a sense of direction from parents (who may be cannabis users themselves) (Hidden Harm, 2003), guardians in care settings who have limited powers to prevent the young people in their care from being introduced to cannabis use or addiction and are also at high risk of exposure to cannabis use because they want to make friends or feel accepted amongst their peers who may be habitual users. It is often very difficult for them to say no or reject the use of cannabis because they have no basic knowledge about cannabis or are not informed of the short and long term effects it may have on their mental health and body. Also, those already addicted to cannabis are at greater risk due to their possible increase in preference of stronger versions of cannabis which could trigger psychosis. The leaflet therefore provides an easy to read, handy information and facts about cannabis to young persons and provides reaso ns why they must avoid/stop its usage, the side effects of cannabis and the benefits of quitting the habit of smoking cannabis. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS In designing the leaflet, careful consideration was taken to make it attractive and readable by adolescents or young persons aged around 11 years. (http://www.literacytrust.org.uk) The words QUIT SMOKING WEED is written in bold to catch the attention of the reader who sets eyes on it. Also, there is a smaller writing in red asking if cannabis users know that quitting is good for their health? There is also a cannabis leaf with a stop symbol on it printed on the front page. Different shades of green were used to design the leaflet mainly because cannabis is herbal based and it is green in its leafy form. Weed is also written in the colour representing the dry form of cannabis that is usually smoked.   The other bright colours used are colours known to attract the attention of young persons and this is aimed at catching the attention of that age group who prefer to scan through leaflets and it is hoped that they may go on to read the entire information provided. (Ecolourprint.co.uk, 2017) Cartoon images are also attractive to young persons hence the images on the inside page of the leaflet which depicts a young person, with other little images which symbolize the changes the body goes through when one smokes cannabis or the possible physical and mental health state of a cannabis user. REFLECTION/CRITIQUE Some positives about the design of the leaflet are: Cheap and easy to produce It does consist of relevant information about cannabis for adolescents and the health benefits of quitting its use. Does not take much time to read Knowledge or message it contains can be easily shared with family and friends. It reinforces information out there regarding the laws governing cannabis use and its potential effects on ones mental health. The design of the leaflet also has some drawbacks: Unless the picks it up to read, it could remain unused. It can easily be misplaced or lost. It may do more harm than good when the target audience decide to experiment rather than the message deterring them from cannabis use. It could have been produced in other formats for those who are visually impaired etc. CONCLUSION Messages about drug usage and its harmful side effects on its user, the society, the environment and the world at large sent to adolescents and the general public must be clear and consistent. (www.official-documents.gov.uk) Adolescents, their parents and guardians, must take the necessary steps to refrain from cannabis use and tackle problems related to cannabis use. Help, advice and support must be made available and accessible in ways that are sensitive to an individuals age and circumstances, and attempts must be made to reach and help vulnerable people who have a high risk of developing severe mental health related and public health problems. Prevention should start early, with broad life-skills approaches at primary school, and built on over time with appropriate programs for young people as they grow older through youth work, peer approaches, training and wider community support. The aim is for approaches to be better integrated nationally and locally. (DrugWise, 2017). More Rehab clinics and therapy centers should be opened in local communities with high usage of cannabis and other illicit drugs to make it easier for drug abusers to seek professional help to quit.

What Is Cyber Forensic Information Technology Essay

What Is Cyber Forensic Information Technology Essay Cyber forensics is the process of acquisition, authentication, analysis and documentation of evidence retrieved from the systems or online used to commit the crime. The systems could be from computers, networks, digital media or storage devices that could contain valuable information for the investigators to examine. From online, it could be from e-commerce domains or other websites. In cyber forensics, file or data carving techniques are most commonly used to extract digital evidence from the source; hard drive or online domain (Ibrahim, 2011, p. 137). Computer forensics is important not just because it does recover files hidden or deleted away from storage devices and systems but it can also tell forensics experts whether are there any suspicious activities going on or had the systems been tampered with. Computer forensics had helped solved the issue of recovering information from files where file system is unavailable or file system structure is corrupted. Files may be intentional ly deleted or worse formatted to the interest of the suspect to conceal his actions. In todays modern era where technology plays a part in almost all the electronic devices, it is important to know when required, how a trained forensics specialist can perform up to expectation, in collecting and present his evidence findings to corresponding agencies (Ibrahim, 2011, p.138). History of Cyber Forensics The uprise of cyber forensics started as early as 1984, in response to the growing demand from law enforcement agencies like FBI (John, 2003, p. 366). However digital forensics has been around as early as nearly the first birth of computer (Greg, 2012, p. 1). Since 1980s, forensics applications are developed by relevant law enforcement agencies to examine computer evidence. Due to forensics growing needs, FBI set up CART; also known as Computer Analysis and Response Team. CART was tasked with the role of analysing computer evidence. CART functions and techniques were so greatly used and performance by them was so great; other law enforcement agencies outside the country quickly emulated them by establishing the same cyber forensics department (John, 2003, p. 366). Examinations of forensics evidence are normally held in forensics laboratories or clean rooms by computer forensics investigators. A good and knowledgeable forensics expert is best preferred to be in the process of examination, as it is always vital to perverse the integrity of the data and not destroy it. Many forensics experts have their own standards and procedures on how computer forensics examinations are conducted which can be a big issue. Having double standards could jeopardize the integrity, creditably and validity of the digital evidence which could result in serious implications along the way. Therefore, as early as 1991, suggestions were made to streamline and standardise the examination processes and protocols had been raised. The purpose was to smoothen out rough edges approach used in evidence finding. Eventually, all these led to the formation of International Organization on Computer Evidence and Scientific Working Group on Digital Evidence (SWGDE). It became a world wide effort to help law enforcement agencies around the globe to work together more closely with regards to forensics examinations (John, 2003, p. 366). Over the years as modern technology advances, so have the criminal activities on the Net, using these technologies. Crimes not only doubled with the advance of technology but showed no sign of slowing down with the current situation. Criminals cracked their brains how to bypass security flaws in the systems while security teams brainstormed on how to improve security systems to keep criminals off. Billions of dollars were lost to cybercrime which part of it went into criminal pockets and fund illegal activities. It will always be a cop and thief game to see who stepped up to the task of stopping each other from doing crime on the Internet first (John, 2003, p. 367). What is Digital Evidence? Digital evidence is evidence in the form of soft copy but not hardcopy as the term suggested so. It can be in any type of data format, it can be part of texts, images, audio or video. Digital evidence is not quite similar to physical crime evidence. Evidence from physical crime scene is durable to a certain extent, it can be kept and took down with camera and explained. However, this is not the case for digital evidence, any wrong move to examine the evidence might alter or destroy the evidence without able to rollback (Eoghan, 2011, p. 7). Digital evidence is so fragile, it can be easily damaged, modified or destroyed purposely. That is why most of the time, original evidence are often duplicated and analysis is carried out on the duplicated copy to prevent any mishap of damaging the original copy. Scope of digital evidence examination can be very broad, it can be either online or offline. Examples of them are credit card transactions, Internet communications history, hard drives and other storage devices (Barry, William, Catherine, 2009, p. 295). Digital evidence is very critical to an investigation because the information on the evidence can tell the investigator what really happened and pieced together the whole picture. Forensics experts are looking for any form of metadata, suspicious content and other data residing in the hard drive. Every single click by the user on the computer was recorded by the system and a trained forensics expert can tell from one look what types of activity and desire the user was engaged in. better than anyone else. The recorded logs act like a behavioural database; documenting every single movement on the laptop used by anyone (Eoghan, 2003, p. 8). The consequences will be unthinkable in this revolution age of technology, if digital evidence is not available. It means criminals, terrorists and law breaking offenders are using technology to commit their cybercrimes and avoid apprehension due to the lack of evidence, or worst, bring arresting those using legal means to a whole new level for law enforcement agencies. If this is the case, it will mean these criminals will get away scot-free. Digital evidence can tell judges or investigators the truth, it can also prove ones innocent in a crime. Digital evidence speaks the truth. Digital evidence can also unveil a bigger crime plot in the making, like murder, drug dealing, credit card theft, or planned terrorist attacks However, sometimes forensics expert can meet their match, people who are technically knowledgeable in forensics and know how to hide their tracks. This will make uncovering ones track of dirty doing more tedious and difficult. (Eoghan Casey, p. 6 8) Evidence Preservation The very first step of starting an investigation on the crime scene itself is to preserve the digital evidence in the way itself. It is a critical step because of the fragility of digital evidence and procedures are needed to be in placed to avoid contamination or loss of the evidence. Contamination can also mean altering, damaging or destroying the digital evidence. It is important to minimise any chances of corrupting the digital evidence at the point of seizure and whole of the investigation process (Boddington, 2011, p. 4). There are methods and techniques out there to aid fellow forensics experts to prevent digital evidence from being unintentionally tampered with. Experts can utilise method such as Imaging and Write-block. Imaging is equivalent to ghosting a backup copy of the whole computer hard drive (evidence) into a soft copy. So investigators work on the ghosted copy of the hard drive and the original hard drive is kept one side. In any case, if the ghosted copy is corrupted; investigators can pull out the original hard drive and create another copy to work on. Write-block is another good way to prevent original evidence being altered. The evidence media is connected with a special machine that can prevent any attempt to overwrite the data on the device. Thus, the evidence on the hard drive cannot be altered as any attempt to write on the media had been blocked by the special machine (Barry, William, Catherine, 2009, p. 301). The reason behind preservation of digital evidence is simple. When submitting digital evidence for documentations or legal purposes in any court or legal department, legitimate proof is required to show correct findings on the investigation. It had to show the same as the exhibit seized at the crime scene. This phenomenon is also commonly known as chain of custody. For example, in a cyber-forensics crime environment, such exhibits would be media storage devices, a copy of digital evidence from the hard disk seized and so on (Boddington, 2011, p. 5). Chain of custody basically is a map that clearly depicts the process of how digital evidence were processed; collected, analysed and preserved in order to be presented as digital evidence in court. A chain of custody will also be needed to showcase whether the evidence is trustworthy or not. To meet all the requirements for chain of custody, three criteria are essential. Firstly, no alteration must be done to the evidence from the day of seizure. Secondly, a duplicate copy needed to be created and it had to be functional; not corrupted. Lastly, all evidence and media are secured. Able to provide this chain of custody is unbroken is an investigator primary tool in authenticating all the electronic evidence (John, 2005, p. 247). If the chain of custody is broken, digital evidence collected from the scene submitted to the court can be denied as the evidence might had been altered and might not tell the truth of the evidence. This is a prosecutor worst nightmare. In any situation, chain of custody is best followed to prove that evidence does not get contaminated and stayed in original state. However, there are occasions where collecting evidence without altering the data is not possible, especially when forensics tools were used. Such act will prove to be a serious implication to justify the evidence is intact and submission of such evidence will be challenged by the opposing team (Boddington, 2011, p. 6). Locate Evidence Once preserving the evidences is done, its time to locate relevant evidence that can make a difference in the legal battle (Boddington, 2011, p. 8). The general first rule of thumb when locating the evidence is do not rush, as one is eager to get the investigation started, wants to find as many evidences as possible. However, the more one rushes the more mistakes the one is likely to make. Rushing into an investigation can have dire consequences, consequences like causing evidence to be lost prematurely or altered unintentionally (John, 2005, p. 249). Besides locating evidence, investigators must also maintain high integrity and reliability of the digital evidence, doing so, will minimise metadata being altered and destruction of important evidence (John Rudolph, 2010, p. 126). Digital evidence can be in any file format; email, notepad or video or it can have no file format due to the fact that it had been encrypted. Forensics experts need to browse through thousands of files in the computer system or network to spot and collect suspicious files. Forensics experts are trained and taught to focus on area of interests within the system. Examples of such areas are like Recycle bin, Windows Registry and Internet Temp Folder. Focusing on these areas saved tremendous hours of searching. These areas will tell the investigators what took had happened and who did it (Boddington, 2011, p. 8). To examine such a wide range of file types after taking consideration the area of interests. The process of examination gets whole lot tougher and te dious. Investigators will bring in tools to help facilitate them with locating and collecting of the evidence. Forensics experts often use tools like OSforensics, XYR tools, Quick Stego or other sophiscated toolkits to aid them in the finding. All these tools will help investigators to decide whether they are looking at the correct areas or not and whether did they missed out anything important. Such equipment not only uncovers hidden or deleted files, it can also reveal the importance of the file whether it is relevant to the case or not (John, 2005, p. 249). Select and Analyse Selecting evidence is often referred to the same meaning as analysing the evidence. Select and analyse the evidence that is going to be part of a legal lawsuit. Investigators do not just select all evidences and submit for lawsuit. Things like attribution and documents authentication played a part in the selecting of evidence. Suspects can lie but not the evidence. Attributing a crime to an individual is hard but with the help of forensics analysis, investigators can narrow down to an Internet account or User account that had been used to commit the crime. For instance, access to e-commerce domains makes it difficult for suspects to deny responsibility for the activities he did using the computer around the time reported. Alternatively, sources like credit card usage, CCTV footage or mobile phone messages can be used against him as well. Selecting evidence found across the hard drive to be used on suspect is tedious work as it got to match perfectly with the time of his illegal act, creating a timeline with it (Eoghan, 2009, p. 27). Checking of metadata on documents for authentication may seem like a small properties of the file but it capture one of the most important aspect of forensics evidence. From the metadata, investigators are able to see when the file was created, last accessed and last modified. Using of date-time stamp on files and logs file will be able to determine whether documents that are documented falsely or fabricated by looking into consistencies in log files. These methods will help investigators to authenticate the validity of the digital evidence (Eoghan, 2009, p. 31). Meticulously selecting and analysing the evidence found in the crime scene will help piece together the whole timeline of the act. Investigators might be able to tell from it the motive and intention of the suspect. Using evidence across the crime scene and cross referencing it accurately will piece together a series of event that can help to locate the suspect and prove his crimes. However, in the same situation doing it wrongly might twist the fact from fiction and caused inaccurate judgement on the crime (Eoghan, 2009, p. 21 23). Evidence Validation Investigators need to have the confidence to draw inference from evidence picked up from the crime itself, whether can it be used in a legal argument or not. Validating digital evidence requires verification of relevant parts of the digital domain where the evidence is created, processed and transferred, including the evidence file itself. No doubt that the job of an investigator is tough, preserve, locate and validate digital evidence, however, legal practitioners have greater challenge, to construct logical legal arguments (Boddington, R., Hobbs, V.J. Mann, G, 2008, p. 3 5). Task of the investigator is to determine the credibly, validity and namely if the claim drawn from the evidence can be verified. For example, the assertion that an important word document was deleted would require confirmation of the existence of the deleted file through forensics tools. Incomplete or improper scanning of the available digital evidence during validation process of the investigate might jeopar dise the evidence and people involve in the crime. In a more dire case, investigation can come to a halt and come to a standstill. (Boddington, R., Hobbs, V.J. Mann, G, 2008, p. 7- 10). In some cases, investigators might missed out key piece of digital evidence and resort to cherry- picking when selecting or discarding evidence to gain an upper hand in legal battle; sometimes an absence of evidence of evidence does not necessarily show evidence of absence a phenomenon of the digital domain. To sum up how evidence is validate and presented in legal suit, its all up to the skill and knowledge of the investigators accumulated all of the years (Boddington, R., Hobbs, V.J. Mann, G, 2008, p. 14). Evidence Presentation Having selected and validated the digital evidence, the next step is to present the evidence found in an orderly manner in court (Boddington, 2011, p. 14). The digital evidence submitted can be in any format. It can be photo, CCTV footage, video or word processed document. Through digital presentation, it enables the case to be heard in court in a way such that it is faster and easier for the jury to judge and digest the information (The Stationery Office, 2007, p. 48). The fundamental in a courtroom is to administer justice and give a fair verdict. The role of investigators is to present digital evidence found and other relevant supporting documents to the court. It is always an investigator duty to present the evidence in an accurately, clear and non-bias view to the court. This is a rightful thing as a investigator should do. An investigator judgement must not be shaken by others in court and must not jump to conclusion, giving a clear and proper presentation. It is investigator p rofessionalism by doing so. (Eoghan, 2011, p. 49) Forensics Tools Forensics tools played an important role in digital forensics, without the use of such high tech software in this modern era; it will put digital investigation back into primitive age. They had been developed for a single purpose in the past to aid forensics experts in the investigations of digital crime. They can be classified into three categories; Imaging Tools, Analysis Tools and Forensics toolkits (Panagiotis, 2006, p. 62). The sole purpose of the imaging tools is to image a hard drive, making a bit-by-bit copy. This bit-by-bit copy image file is often known as the analysis drive. During this process of creating a copy of the suspects hard drive, it is important that no additional data was inserted. It will alter not just the integrity and the validity of the evidence resided in the hard drive. Out in the open market, there are a few trustworthy and easy to use imaging tools developed for forensics examinations. One of them is Norton Ghost. Symantecs Norton Ghost 9.0 has been out in the market for quite some time. It is a backup and restoration utility that can work on Windows, Linux and DOS systems. Its prominent function featured the creation of backup images without having to restart the system. Other features of Norton Ghost include Ghost Server, cloning back a machine with the image created earlier on. It also featured Ghost Explorer. This function allows creator to view the files inside the image where the hard drive was cloned (Panagiotis, 2006, p. 63). Tools that fall into analysis category have a wide range. Tools like Quick Stego and DriveSpy are good examples of analysis tools. DriveSpy was designed to emulate and improve the capabilities of DOS to meet the needs of forensics examinations. It can be used to analyse DOS and non-DOS partition using a built in sector hex viewer (Panagiotis, 2006, p. 63 64). Software like Quick Stego detects hidden text message inside a larger message. Such text is not available through the naked eye of a human; it requires software like quick stego, which can detect it. The term for detecting hidden text is known as stenography. The hidden information can be in plain texts or images. This technique is often useful for hiding particular messages not wanted to be seen by people, expect those who know they are receiving information embedded with stenography. Quick stego is simple and easy to use software. It helps forensics experts to dig deeper into the system with the help of it, it might lead to uncover a bigger plot not yet found by the investigators (Lech Andrew, 2008, p. 60). Forensics tools can make a difference for forensics experts. It helped forensics experts to better analysis the system and gather more evidence. In another words, it is like post mortem forensics. Tools like OSforensics and ProDiscoverTools have the ability to do, it gives the investigator the ability and capability to process recent activity and logs of the system to better understand the suspect movements. It also features the capability to recover deleted file and discover delete activities, intended to hide from the examiner. Besides the features mentioned, both tools had other functions like email analysis or index search analysis, which give a more straightforward and easier format to understand (Lech Andrew, 2008, p. 61 65). Hypothesis and alternative hypotheses After finding evidences in a crime scene, investigators might have their own hypothesis that fit the crime. Many predictions may follow through, forming other hypotheses, some are correct to a certain extent while others are wrong. Part of the forensics experts is to figure out which hypothesis is the right one by eliminating the others. Success of the analysis lies on how carefully and thoroughly the hypothesis is being questioned. Therefore, it is critical to consider other reasons and explanations to cross out wrong hypotheses. Once all the hypotheses had been reviewed and only one of them have been established as the most reasonable, fit closest to the series of event relating to the crime according to evidence found and timeline. Investigators can then convey their work to decision makers to make their final decision (Eoghan, 2009, p. 24). On occasions, if initial hypothesis had been disapproved, a new one must be formed and analysed until one hypothesis is found to be concreted and able to withstand questions asked by the court. This is to ensure hypothesis gets it full support from the evidence themselves and able to tell the story of the real crime (John, 2005, p. 66). Conclusion Cyber crime is evolving from day to day and it is getting more and more sophiscated. Criminals are using more and more innovating and creative ways to commit crimes and hide their tracks. Measures and policies were in placed to prevent from bypassing the system flaws from causing impact to the businesses and the societies (John, 2005, p. 182). The demand for forensics examination on crime systems had surged greatly in the 21st century, where technology plays a part in all electronic devices. It has helped law enforcement agencies in the identification of cyber and computer-assisted crime. Organisations are stressing the importance on the need to have capabilities and abilities using computer forensics tools to identify misuse of organisation systems in the office (Greg, 2012, p. 6). Computer forensics was initially designed and developed to assist in the practical application of the technology. However, in the recent years, it spark off a new sensation in academic research, exploring new ways to better obtain forensic evidence, every new research done is a new insight gained by the investigators. However, as technology advances, so have the criminals, law enforcement agencies, organisations and indivulas needs to know basic protection measures to safeguard their own asset from falling into the wrong hands. (Nathan Clarke, 2010, p58)

Slaughterhouse-Five Essay: Three Themes of Slaughterhouse-Five

The Three Themes of Slaughterhouse-Five Kurt Vonnegut did a great job in writing an irresistible reading novel in which one is not permitted to laugh, and yet still be a sad book without tears. Slaughterhouse-five was copyrighted in 1969 and is a book about the 1945 firebombing in Dresden which had killed 135,000 people. The main character is Billy Pilgrim, a very young infantry scout who is captured in the Battle of the Bulge and quartered to a slaughterhouse where he and other soldiers are held. The rest of the novel is about Billy and his encounters with the war, his wife, his life on earth, and on the planet Tralfamador. There are 3 themes in the novel Slaughterhouse-Five, that stick in the readers mind as they read through this novel. Perhaps the most obvious theme in Slaughterhouse-Five, is the war and its contrast with love, beauty, humanity, innocence, etc. Vonnegut manages to tell the reader in Slaughterhouse-Five, that war is bad for human kind and that it would be better for people to love one another. To find the war's contrast with love is quite difficult, because the book doesn't talk about any couple that was cruelly torn apart by the war. For example, Billy didn't seem to love his wife very much. Vonnegut expresses it very lightly and uses the word "love" very rarely. Yet when he does, he uses it effectively. He tries to look for love and beauty in things that seemingly are neither lovely nor beautiful. For example, when Billy was captured by the group of Germans, he didn't see them as a cruel enemy, but as normal, innocent people: "Billy looked up at the face that went with the clogs. It was the face of a blond angel, of a fifteen-year-old boy. The boy was as beautiful as Eve" (... ...e eyes of Tralfamadorians: "When a Tralfamadorian sees a corpse, all he thinks is that the dead person is in bad condition in the particular moment, but that the same person is just fine in plenty of other moments. Now, when I myself hear that somebody is dead, I simply shrug and say what the Tralfamadorians say about dead people, which is 'So it goes,'" (Vonnegut, p.27). Even with the contrast and the differences between these three themes, Vonnegut makes them all mesh in this novel. If Slaughterhouse- Five was the first novel the reader has ever read, they would appreciate this style of writing and black humor that Vonnegut portrays throughout Slaughterhouse- Five. It would make the reader wish that they would have discovered him earlier and read his books long before now. Vonnegut, Kurt Jr. Slaughterhouse-five. NewYork: Dell Publishing Co. 1969.

Birth and Beyond :: essays research papers

Birth & Beyond of Sacramento, is a non-profit health care agency whose main focus is to provide family support services in a form of family resource centers and home visitations where a personal home visitor is recruited from the same neighborhood they serve to provide the caregiver the help he/she needs on how to give a better care for the child. Their mission is to support the caregiver in all areas such as job referral and training, how best to communicate with other parents in the neighborhood, the best way to overcome obstacles that the family might be facing, and how to better use the community resources such as transit system or comprehensive health care services. All these services are provided until the age of five of the youngest child in the family. The family resource centers offers support in budgeting, parenting groups, health, immunization, overall child development, class sessions for anybody who would like to learn Spanish, English, Hmong, or Russian, and Play and G row groups which are parent/child bonding classes through arts and crafts and kid connection. In addition to the family resource centers and the home visitations, families also have the support of the team of consultants and specialists such as Nurses and Family health counselors, joined together to coordinate a full range of services for the families. (www.birth-beyond.com/Content/Learn-Participate/Learn_More.htm). The geographical area served by Birth & Beyond is the Sacramento County which houses nine different Family Resource Centers. Each resource center is responsible for certain zip codes areas of the Sacramento County. Many serve up-to five different zip code areas, however Meadowview Family Resource Center only serves the zip codes 95822, 95831, and 95832. (www.birth-beyond.com/Content/Locations/FRC_map.htm). According to Heather Blanchard, Meadowview Family Resource Center serves one hundred and thirty families, in which fifteen are Spanish speaking families and five are English speakers. Home visitation services are provided to ten families. This center has the capacity to serve two hundred families. Birth & Beyond is open to anyone who would like to improve the care of their children. However, since Meadowview Family Resource Center is located on Florin Road, the population that frequents this facility the most is Spanish speakers. The youngest client at this facility as of now is a fifteen year old female who started attending at this facility at the age of thirteen and the oldest person is forty-one. This facility is visited by 99% females and .

Practical Brief Essay

My practical will be a title sequence for a fly-on-the-wall documentary based on the lives of Londoners. The title sequence will last approximately 40-50 seconds and will include typical conventions for a documentary. I will be working in a group of three and am going to be responsible for the camera work and filming. There are several codes and conventions I need to include in my title sequence to fulfil the audience’s expectations. Shots of London signposts and famous landmarks will be shown to set location and give a clear indication of where the documentary is set. Several shots of people looking very glamorous will be shown to represent the luxurious lives these Londoners are supposedly living. This relates to the ‘Empirical Method’ that suggests that the audience are active participants in transaction with the media. They watch such shows for diversion, personal relationships, personal identity and surveillance. Audiences have a great enjoyment in watching the lives of others and a desire to be something there not (want of a better life) and the curiosity of watching how other people live their lives as a way of comparing your life and relationships to theirs. This documentary would be targeted at mainly females, as I believe they are seen to have more of a desire for a glamorous and luxurious lifestyle. A wide range of social grades would find a documentary of this kind appealing, as those who live lives nothing like this would find this interesting because of curiosity and a wish to live a dream life. Whilst those who live similar lifestyles would be interested to see how they are portrayed and seen be others. This would especially appeal to that of a lower social grade (c1, c2), as this is a very idealistic way of living that they would all aspire to live. Shots of very classy shops (such as Harrods), places to eat and hotels will be presented to give the audience a taste of what they are going to see and also what to expect from these London lives. A couple of the shots will include the typical documentary technique ‘wobbly camera’, i.e. walking through a busy street. This will represent the following of the lives of ‘normal’ people in London. This will not only give the audience a taste of what is to come but also assure the audience that what they are seeing is real and gives a sense of actuality. The only written code that will be used in my title sequence is the title of the documentary, which will also be portrayed as a logo and something to recognise and link the documentary with in the future. Extreme close ups will be used on a couple of shots to focus the audiences attention on a certain things i.e. diamond necklace or fancy cars. Wallpaper shots will be used to show the busy streets of London and capture stereotypical associations with London i.e. red buses and black taxis as well as capturing people of London walking through the streets. This will show to the audience that the documentary really is taking place in London and therefore the rest of the documentary will seem more believable. Also some of the shots of the Londoners will be taken at a low angle to represent status and make these people appear important, raising an enigma and making the audience want to carry on watching to find out what is so good about their lives. The duration of most shots will last 2 or 3 seconds and will be fairly fast moving to match the audio and feeling of the title sequence. The sequence will begin with a London signpost to set location and then cut to the famous landmarks i.e. London Eye, Canary Wharf, then there will be various shots of the people and places in London. The audio that will be used over the title sequence will be high-tempo to match with the busy atmosphere and lives of the city. To capture these shots I intend to include in this documentary, I will go into London and film the people, famous landmarks and way of the city. I hope to capture the idealistic way of living through typical shots that represent a rich and glamorous lifestyle and use typical documentary techniques i.e. wobbly camera to present these shots as reality.

Digital Fortress Chapter 66-70

Chapter 66Becker crossed the large number toward the rest means doors only to find the door tag CABALLEROS blocked by an orange pylon and a cleaning cart change with detergent and mops. He eyed the both(prenominal) other door. DAMAS. He strode over and rapped loudly.Hola? he c bothed, button the ladies room door open an inch. find divulge permiso?Silence.He went in.The rest room was typical, Spanish institutional-perfectly square, white tile, one in earth-closetdescent in contributedescent lamp over orient. As usual, t present was one point of view and one urinal. Whether the urinals were ever used in the womens room bathrooms was immaterial-adding them saved the contractors the expense of having to build the spare stall.Becker peered into the rest room in disgust. It was filthy. The discredit was clogged with murky br induce water. st signing paper towels were strewn everyw here. The floor was soaked. The old galvanising hand blower on the hem in was smeared with g reenish fingerprints.Becker stepped in tr end of the reflect and sighed. The eyes that usually stared foul with angered clarity were not so ready tonight. How long rent I been caterpillar tread around over here? he wondered. The math escaped him. Out of professorial drug abuse, he shimmied his neckties Windsor knot up on his collar. hence he turned to the urinal slowly him.As he sas welld there, he run aground himself wonde call up if Susan was internal yet. Where could she deal at peace(p)? To pock Manor with start me?Hey a effeminate voice tush him utter angrily.Becker jumped. I-Im he stammered, hurrying to zip up. Im sorry IBecker turned to face the little misfire who had vertical entered. She was a unsalted sophisticate, right take the pages of Seventeen Magazine. She wore conservative plaid pant and a white sleeveless blouse. In her hand was a red L. L. bean duffel. Her blond pilus was perfectly blow-dried.Im sorry. Becker fumbled, buckling his belt. Th e mens room was any(prenominal)way Im leaving.Fuckin weirdoBecker did a double-take. The profanity let onmed inappropriate coming from her lips-like sewage flowing from a polished decanter. notwithstanding as Becker studied her, he dictum that she was not as polished as hed initial suasion. Her eyes were puffy and blood bosom stud, and her go forth arm was swollen. Underneath the reddish anger on her arm, the form was blueness.Jesus, Becker musical theme. Intravenous drugs. Who would get go across guessed?Get tabu she yelled. Just repel outBecker arcminutearily forgot all slightly the ring, the NSA, all of it. His heart went out to the young lady friend. Her parents had probably sent her over here with some prep school use up program and a VISA card-and shed cease up all alone in a bathroom in the place of the night doing drugs.Are you okay? he asked, fannying toward the door.Im fine. Her voice was haughty. You can kick in straightawayBecker turned to go. H e shot her forearm a close vicious glance. Theres secret code you can do, David. Leave it alone. this instant she hollered.Becker nodded. As he left he gave her a sad smile. Be careful.Chapter 67Susan? haul panted, his face in hers.He was sitting, one leg on every side of her, his full weight on her midsection. His tailbone ground painfully into her pubis by the thin fabric of her skirt. His nose was soaking blood all over her. She tasted rotter in the top of her throat. His hands were at her chest.She matte nothing. Is he touching me? It overlyk a moment for Susan to realize draw was buttoning her acme button and covering her up.Susan. Hale gasped, breathless. Youve got to postulate me out of here.Susan was in a daze. nought make sense.Susan, youve got to help me Strathmore killed Chartrukian I axiom itIt took a moment for the words to register. Strathmore killed Chartrukian? Hale obviously had no idea Susan had seen him downstairs.Strathmore knows I saw him Hale spa t. Hell kill me tooHad Susan not been breathless with fear, she would have laughed in his face. She recognized the divide-and-conquer mentality of an ex-Marine. Invent lies-pit your enemies against separately other.Its true he yelled. Weve got to call for help I cogitate were both in dangerShe did not believe a word he said.Hales muscular legs were cramping, and he trilled up on his haunches to swag his weight slightly. He opened his let the cat out of the bag to speak, but he never got the chance.As Hales body rose, Susan felt the circulation surge back into her legs. Before she knew what had happened, a reflex instinct(predicate) jerked her left leg back unwaveringly into Hales crotch. She felt her kneecap crush the squishy sac of tissue between his legs.Hale whimpered in agony and instantly went limp. He rolled onto his side, clutching himself. Susan twisted out from under(a) his deadweight. She staggered toward the door, knowing shed never be fortified complete to get out.Making a split-second decision, Susan positioned herself behind the long maple meeting shelve and dug her feet into the carpet. Mercifully the table had casters. She strode with all her might toward the arched crackpot mole, get-up-and-go the table forrader her. The casters were good, and the table rolled well. Halfway crosswise Node 3, she was at a full sprint.Five feet from the glass wall, Susan heaved and let go. She leapt to one side and cover her eyes. subsequently a sickening crack, the wall exploded in a shower bath of glass. The sounds of Crypto rushed into Node 3 for the first time since its construction.Susan beliefed up. Through the jagged hole, she could see the table. It was still rolling. It spun full(a) circles out across the Crypto floor and eventually disappeared into the darkness.Susan rammed her mangled Ferragamos back on her feet, shot a last glance at the still-writhing Greg Hale, and dashed across the sea of broken glass out onto the Crypto floor .Chapter 68Now wasnt that easy? Midge said with a sneer as Brinkerhoff pass on over the key to Fontaines office.Brinkerhoff looked beaten.Ill erase it in the beginning I go, Midge promised. Unless you and your wife want it for your mysterious collection.Just get the damned printout, he snapped. And then get outSi, senor, Midge cackled in a thick Puerto Rican accent. She winked and headed across the cortege to Fontaines double doors.Leland Fontaines private office looked nothing like the rest of the tellorial suite. There were no paintings, no overstuffed chairs, no genus Ficus plants, no antique clocks. His space was streamlined for efficiency. His glass-topped desk and black leather chair sit down directly in front of his wondrous picture window. Three appoint cabinets stood in the corner next to a little(a) table with a French press coffeepot. The moon had risen high over Fort Meade, and the soft light filtering through the window accentuated the starkness of the directo rs furnishings.What the blazing am I doing? Brinkerhoff wondered.Midge strode to the printer and scooped up the dress list. She squinted in the darkness. I cant read the data, she complained. exercise on the lights.Youre reading it outside. Now become on. yet Midge was seemingly having too lots fun. She toyed with Brinkerhoff, walking to the window and angling the readout for a better view.MidgeShe kept reading.Brinkerhoff shifted anxiously in the doorway. Midge come on. These are the directors private quarters.Its here somewhere, she muttered, studying the printout. Strathmore bypassed gantlet, I know it. She move closer to the window.Brinkerhoff began to sweat. Midge kept reading.After a few moments, she gasped. I knew it Strathmore did it He genuinely did The idiot She held up the paper and move it. He bypassed Gauntlet Have a lookBrinkerhoff stared dumbfounded a moment and then raced across the directors office. He move in next to Midge in front of the window. She poin ted to the end of the readout.Brinkerhoff read in disbelief. What the?The printout contained a list of the last thirty-six files that had entered TRANSLTR. After each file was a four-digit Gauntlet clearance code. However, the last file on the sheet had no clearance code-it scarcely read manual bypass. Jesus, Brinkerhoff thought. Midge strikes again.The idiot Midge sputtered, seething. number at this Gauntlet rejected the file twice Mutation strings And he still bypassed What the hell was he intellection?Brinkerhoff felt weak-kneed. He wondered why Midge was everlastingly right. Neither of them noticed the reflection that had appeared in the window beside them. A massive propose was standing in Fontaines open doorway.Jeez, Brinkerhoff choked. You cerebrate we have a virus?Midge sighed. energy else it could be.Could be none of your damn stage business the deep voice boomed from behind them.Midge knocked her head against the window. Brinkerhoff tipped over the directors chair and revolve toward the voice. He immediately knew the silhouette.Director Brinkerhoff gasped. He strode over and extended his hand. Welcome radical, sir.The abundant man ignored it.I-I thought, Brinkerhoff stammered, retracting his hand, I thought you were in South America.Leland Fontaine glared down at his aide with eyes like bullets. Yes and now Im back.Chapter 69Hey, misterBecker had been walking across the con running toward a bank of pay phones. He stopped and turned. Coming up behind him was the fille hed just surprised in the bathroom. She waved for him to wait. Mister, waitNow what? Becker groaned. She wants to press invasion-of-privacy efflorescences?The girl dragged her duffel toward him. When she arrived, she was now wearing a huge smile. Sorry to yell at you back there. You just kind of startle me.No problem, Becker assured, somewhat puzzled. I was in the wrong place.This will sound crazy, she said, bat her bloodshot eyes. But you wouldnt happen to have some money you can tally me, would you?Becker stared at her in disbelief. Money for what? he demanded. Im not funding your drug habit if thats what youre asking.Im trying to get back home, the ash-blonde said. female genitals you help?Miss your career?She nodded. Lost my ticket. They wouldnt let me get on. Airlines can be such assholes. I dont have the money to buy another.Where are your parents? Becker asked.States.Can you reach them?Nope. Already tried. I think theyre weekending on somebodys yacht.Becker scanned the girls expensive clothing. You dont have a credit card?Yeah, but my soda water canceled it. He thinks Im on drugs.Are you on drugs? Becker asked, deadpan, eyeing her swollen forearm.The girl glared, indignant. Of course not She gave Becker an innocent huff, and he suddenly got the skin senses he was being played.Come on, she said. You look like a thick guy. Cant you compass point me some cash to get home? I could send it to you later.Becker figured any cash he gave this g irl would end up in the hands of some drug dealer in Triana. offset printing of all, he said, Im not a rich guy-Im a teacher. But Ill tell you what Ill do Ill call your bluff, thats what Ill do. Why dont I charge the ticket for you?The blonde stared at him in utter shock. Youd do that? she stammered, eyes wide with hope. Youd buy me a ticket home? Oh, God, thank youBecker was speechless. He had apparently misjudged the moment.The girl threw her arms around him. Its been a foul-smelling summer, she choked, almost bursting into tears. Oh, thank you Ive got to get out of hereBecker returned her embrace fractionalheartedly. The girl let go of him, and he eyed her forearm again.She followed his scan to the bluish rash. Gross, huh?Becker nodded. I thought you said you werent on drugs.The girl laughed. Its delusion Marker I took off half my skin trying to scrub it off. The ink smeared.Becker looked closer. In the fluorescent light, he could see, foggy beneath the reddish swelling on her arm, the faint outline of writing-words scrawled on flesh.But but your eyes, Becker said, feeling dumb. Theyre all red.She laughed. I was crying. I told you, I missed my flight.Becker looked back at the words on her arm.She frowned, embarrassed. Oops, you can still kind of read it, cant you?Becker leaned closer. He could read it all right. The meaning was quartz glass clear. As he read the four faint words, the last twelve hours flashed before his eyes.David Becker found himself back in the Alfonso long dozen hotel room. The obese German was touching his own forearm and speaking broken side of meat Fock off und die.You okay? the girl asked, eyeing the stuporous Becker.Becker did not look up from her arm. He was dizzy. The four words smeared across the girls flesh carried a very simple message FUCK OFF AND DIE.The blonde looked down at it, embarrassed. This friend of mine wrote it middling stupid, huh?Becker couldnt speak. Fock off und die. He couldnt believe it. The German hadnt been insulting him, hed been trying to help. Becker lifted his gaze to the girls face. In the fluorescent light of the concourse, he could see faint traces of red and blue in the girls blond hair.Y-you Becker stammered, staring at her unpierced ears. You wouldnt happen to wear earrings, would you?The girl eyed him strangely. She fished a tiny purpose from her pocket and held it out. Becker gazed at the skull pendant suspension in her hand.A clip-on? he stammered.Hell, yes, the girl replied. Im scared shitless of needles.Chapter 70David Becker stood in the deserted concourse and felt his legs go weak. He eyed the girl before him and knew his search was over. She had washed her hair and changed clothes-maybe in hopes of having better luck interchange the ring-but shed never boarded for New York.Becker fought to keep his cool. His brutal journey was about to end. He scanned her fingers. They were bare. He gazed down at her duffel. Its in there, he thought. Its got to beHe sm iled, barely containing his excitement. This is leaving to sound crazy, he said, but I think youve got something I need.Oh? Megan seemed suddenly uncertain.Becker reached for his wallet. Of course Id be happy to pay you. He looked down and started sorting through the cash in his billfold.As Megan watched him count out his money, she drew a startled gasp, apparently misunderstanding his intentions. She shot a shake up glance toward the revolving door measuring the distance. It was liter yards.I can give you enough to buy your ticket home if-Dont swan it, Megan blurted, offering a forced smile. I think I know on the dot what you need. She bent down and started rifling through her duffel.Becker felt a surge of hope. Shes got it he told himself. Shes got the ring He didnt know how the hell she knew what it was he wanted, but he was too tired to care. Every muscle in his body relaxed. He pictured himself handing the ring to the beaming deputy director of the NSA. Then he and Susan w ould lie in the humongous canopy bed at Stone Manor and make up for baffled time.The girl finally found what she was smell for-her PepperGuard-the environmentally safe alternative to mace, made from a potent blend of cayenne pepper and chili peppers. In one swift motion, she swung around and fired a direct stream into Beckers eyes. She grabbed her duffel and dashed for the door. When she looked back, David Becker was on the floor, holding his face, writhing in agony.

Jurisprudence Assignment Essay

Answer the pursual questions by referring to the Nurse Practice Act from the Texas come along of Nurses website (www.bon. state.tx.us) & (www.tpapn,org) and other relevant source.Answers must be in APA fix up.(Question & Anwer). APA format means writing down the listed questions, utilize complete sentences, correct spelling, grammar & punctuation. In addition, a reference page & source(s) of information citations are required. (6 points)Q1 What is Impaired breast feeding Practice? (5 points)Q2.Which stem of withstands are most at risk of exposure? (8 points)Q3. What are the contributing factors that lead to chemic habituation in the nursing world? (8 points)Q4.List the warning signs of chemical dependency/ outcry in the obtain? (8 points)Q5.Who does the nurse initiative report to when she/he finds a nurse impaired due to chemical dependency and/or rational illness? (5 points)Q6.What is the venire of Nurses responsibility following such report when an impaired nurse is in violation? (8 points)Q7.What are the methods of try imposed by the BON for intemperate do of alcohol or drugs or moral incompetency? (10 points)Q8. State the mission of Texas comrade Assistance Program for Nurses. (8 points)Q9. What are the functions of Texas coadjutor Assistance Program for Nurses? (8 points)Q10. List the guidelines the gore of Nurses by rule 301.4106 developed that the partner Assistance Program must harmonize with. (8 points)Q11.Identify what would constitute grounds for disciplinary accomplish for possible violation of the NPA 301.452 and Standard of Nursing Practice? (10 points)Q12. Discuss briefly your opinion on violation by a nurse of the NPA due to use/ scream of a chemical, drug or mental illness. (8 points)